S14 E 2 C7 2 C7^2 2 C7^3 i 2 S14 2 S14^3 2 S14^5 <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> Ag 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ..T ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T E1g * 2.0000 1.2469 -0.4450 -1.8019 2.0000 -1.8019 -0.4450 1.2469 TT. ... ..TT. ....... ......TT. ........... TT........TT. E2g * 2.0000 -0.4450 -1.8019 1.2469 2.0000 1.2469 -1.8019 -0.4450 ... ... TT... ....... ....TT... ........... ..TT....TT... E3g * 2.0000 -1.8019 1.2469 -0.4450 2.0000 -0.4450 1.2469 -1.8019 ... ... ..... ....... TTTT..... ........... ....TTTT..... Au 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 ... ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T ............. E1u * 2.0000 1.2469 -0.4450 -1.8019 -2.0000 1.8019 0.4450 -1.2469 ... TT. ..... ....TT. ......... ........TT. ............. E2u * 2.0000 -0.4450 -1.8019 1.2469 -2.0000 -1.2469 1.8019 0.4450 ... ... ..... ..TT... ......... TT....TT... ............. E3u * 2.0000 -1.8019 1.2469 -0.4450 -2.0000 0.4450 -1.2469 1.8019 ... ... ..... TT..... ......... ..TTTT..... ............. Irrational character values: 1.801937735805 = 2*cos(2*π/14) = 2*cos(π/7) 1.246979603717 = 2*cos(4*π/14) = 2*cos(2*π/7) 0.445041867913 = 2*cos(6*π/14) = 2*cos(3*π/7) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products Ag R+d+g+i+3k+3m Rz, z2, z4, z6 E1g R+d+g+2i+3k+3m {Rx, Ry}, {xz, yz}, {xz3, yz3}, {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)}, {xz5, yz5} E2g d+g+2i+2k+3m {x2−y2, xy}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E3g 2g+2i+2k+3m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} Au p+f+h+3j+3l z, z3, z5 E1u p+f+h+2j+3l {x, y}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz4, yz4} E2u f+2h+2j+3l {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3} E3u f+2h+2j+2l {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)} Notes: α The order of the S14 point group is 14, and the order of the principal axis (S14) is 14. The group has 8 irreducible representations. β The S14 point group could also be named C7i, because the S14 axis is identical to a roto-inversion axis of order 7. γ The S14 point group is isomorphic to C14 and C7h. δ The S14 point group is generated by one single symmetry element, S14. Therefore, it is a cyclic group. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in S14 is 4 (quadrupole moment). ζ This is an Abelian point group (the commutative law holds between all symmetry operations). The S14 group is Abelian because it contains only one symmetry element, all the powers of which necessarily commute (sufficient condition). In Abelian groups, all symmetry operations form a class of their own, and all irreducible representations are one-dimensional. η Because the group is Abelian and the maximum order of rotation is >2, some irreducible representations have complex characters. These 12 cases have been combined into 6 two-dimensional representations that are no longer irreducible but have real-valued characters. Accordingly, 6 pairs of left and right rotations have been combined into one two-membered pseudo-class each. θ The 6 reducible “E” representations almost behave like true irreducible representations. Their norm, however, is twice the group order. Therefore, they have been marked with an asterisk in the table. This is essential when trying to decompose a reducible representation into “irreducible” ones using the familiar projection formula. ι Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree much less than half the order of the principal axis. κ The point group corresponds to a polygon inconstructible by the classical means of ruler and compass. Yet it becomes constructible if angle trisection is allowed, e.g., with neusis construction or origami. This is because the order of the principal axis is given by a product of any number of different Pierpont primes (...,5,7,13,17,19,37,73,97,109,163,...) times arbitrary powers of two and three. λ The regular heptagon is the lowest regular polygon that cannot be constructed by compass and ruler alone, which has mystified mathematicians since antiquity. The reason for the inconstructibility of the heptagon is that cos(2π/7) has an algebraic degree of 3 and thus can not be represented by square roots and integer numbers. An algebraic representation becomes possible if cubic roots and complex numbers are used: 2*cos(2π/7) = (3√28+i*84*√3 + 3√28−i*84*√3 − 2)/6. This complex expression for a real value is hardly useful. Therefore, regular polygons of order 14,21,28,35,42 etc. are also inconstructible, and their cosines have no representation in real radicals.
| S10 | ||
| S12 | ||
| C14 C14v C14h D14 D14h D14d | S14 | |
| S16 | ||
| S18 |
This Character Table for the S14 point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.