C11h E 2 C11 2 C11^2 2 C11^3 2 C11^4 2 C11^5 sh 2 S11 2 S11^3 2 S11^5 2 S11^7 2 S11^9 <R> <p> <—d—> <——f——> <———g———> <————h————> <—————i—————> A' 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ..T ... ....T ....... ........T ........... ............T A" 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 ... ..T ..... ......T ......... ..........T ............. E1' * 2.0000 1.6825 0.8308 -0.2846 -1.3097 -1.9189 2.0000 1.6825 -0.2846 -1.9189 -1.3097 0.8308 ... TT. ..... ....TT. ......... ........TT. ............. E1" * 2.0000 1.6825 0.8308 -0.2846 -1.3097 -1.9189 -2.0000 -1.6825 0.2846 1.9189 1.3097 -0.8308 TT. ... ..TT. ....... ......TT. ........... ..........TT. E2' * 2.0000 0.8308 -1.3097 -1.9189 -0.2846 1.6825 2.0000 0.8308 -1.9189 1.6825 -0.2846 -1.3097 ... ... TT... ....... ....TT... ........... ........TT... E2" * 2.0000 0.8308 -1.3097 -1.9189 -0.2846 1.6825 -2.0000 -0.8308 1.9189 -1.6825 0.2846 1.3097 ... ... ..... ..TT... ......... ......TT... ............. E3' * 2.0000 -0.2846 -1.9189 0.8308 1.6825 -1.3097 2.0000 -0.2846 0.8308 -1.3097 1.6825 -1.9189 ... ... ..... TT..... ......... ....TT..... ............. E3" * 2.0000 -0.2846 -1.9189 0.8308 1.6825 -1.3097 -2.0000 0.2846 -0.8308 1.3097 -1.6825 1.9189 ... ... ..... ....... ..TT..... ........... ......TT..... E4' * 2.0000 -1.3097 -0.2846 1.6825 -1.9189 0.8308 2.0000 -1.3097 1.6825 0.8308 -1.9189 -0.2846 ... ... ..... ....... TT....... ........... ....TT....... E4" * 2.0000 -1.3097 -0.2846 1.6825 -1.9189 0.8308 -2.0000 1.3097 -1.6825 -0.8308 1.9189 0.2846 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ..TT....... ............. E5' * 2.0000 -1.9189 1.6825 -1.3097 0.8308 -0.2846 2.0000 -1.9189 -1.3097 -0.2846 0.8308 1.6825 ... ... ..... ....... ......... TT......... TT........... E5" * 2.0000 -1.9189 1.6825 -1.3097 0.8308 -0.2846 -2.0000 1.9189 1.3097 0.2846 -0.8308 -1.6825 ... ... ..... ....... ......... ........... ..TT......... Irrational character values: 1.918985947229 = 2*cos(2*π/22) = 2*cos(π/11) 1.682507065662 = 2*cos(4*π/22) = 2*cos(2*π/11) 1.309721467891 = 2*cos(6*π/22) = 2*cos(3*π/11) 0.830830026004 = 2*cos(8*π/22) = 2*cos(4*π/11) 0.284629676547 = 2*cos(10*π/22) = 2*cos(5*π/11) Symmetry of Rotations and Cartesian products A' R+d+g+i+k+m Rz, z2, z4, z6 A" p+f+h+j+l z, z3, z5 E1' p+f+h+j+l+m {x, y}, {xz2, yz2}, {xz4, yz4} E1" R+d+g+i+k+m {Rx, Ry}, {xz, yz}, {xz3, yz3}, {xz5, yz5} E2' d+g+i+k+l+m {x2−y2, xy}, {z2(x2−y2), xyz2}, {z4(x2−y2), xyz4} E2" f+h+j+l+m {z(x2−y2), xyz}, {z3(x2−y2), xyz3} E3' f+h+j+k+l+m {x(x2−3y2), y(3x2−y2)}, {xz2(x2−3y2), yz2(3x2−y2)} E3" g+i+k+l+m {xz(x2−3y2), yz(3x2−y2)}, {xz3(x2−3y2), yz3(3x2−y2)} E4' g+i+j+k+l+m {(x2−y2)2−4x2y2, xy(x2−y2)}, {z2((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz2(x2−y2)} E4" h+j+k+l+m {z((x2−y2)2−4x2y2), xyz(x2−y2)} E5' h+i+j+k+l+m {x(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), y((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)}, {x2(x2−3y2)2−y2(3x2−y2)2, xy(x2−3y2)(3x2−y2)} E5" i+j+k+l+m {xz(x2−(5+2√5)y2)(x2−(5−2√5)y2), yz((5+2√5)x2−y2)((5−2√5)x2−y2)} Notes: α The order of the C11h point group is 22, and the order of the principal axis (S11) is 22. The group has 12 irreducible representations. β The C11h point group could also be named S11, as it contains the S11 axis as its only symmetry element. Another rare designation is C22i because the S11 axis is identical to a roto-inversion axis of order 22. γ The C11h point group is isomorphic to C22 and S22. δ The C11h point group is generated by one single symmetry element, S11. Therefore, it is a cyclic group. The canonical choice, however, is to use redundant generators: C11 and σh. ε The lowest nonvanishing multipole moment in C11h is 4 (quadrupole moment). ζ This is an Abelian point group (the commutative law holds between all symmetry operations). The C11h group is Abelian because it contains only one symmetry element, all the powers of which necessarily commute (sufficient condition). In Abelian groups, all symmetry operations form a class of their own, and all irreducible representations are one-dimensional. η Because the group is Abelian and the maximum order of rotation is >2, some irreducible representations have complex characters. These 20 cases have been combined into 10 two-dimensional representations that are no longer irreducible but have real-valued characters. Accordingly, 10 pairs of left and right rotations have been combined into one two-membered pseudo-class each. θ The 10 reducible “E” representations almost behave like true irreducible representations. Their norm, however, is twice the group order. Therefore, they have been marked with an asterisk in the table. This is essential when trying to decompose a reducible representation into “irreducible” ones using the familiar projection formula. ι Some of the characters in the table are irrational because the order of the principal axis is neither 1,2,3,4 nor 6. These irrational values can be expressed as cosine values, or as solutions of algebraic equations with a leading coefficient of 1. All characters are algebraic integers of a degree just less than half the order of the principal axis. For this group, however, none of the irrational characters can be expressed by a closed algebraic form using real numbers only. κ The regular hendecagon is the smallest regular polygon not constructible with ruler, compass and angle trisector. This is because 2*cos(2*π/11) has algebraic degree of five, being the solution of an irreducible quintic equation. Because this quintic equation is solvable, the value of cos(2*π/11) can be expressed using square and fifth roots and complex numbers. That algebraic form is, however, very complex and thus not shown here.
| C9h | ||
| C10h | ||
| C11 C11v | C11h | D11 D11h D11d |
| C12h | ||
| C13h |
This Character Table for the C11h point group was created by Gernot Katzer.
For other groups and some explanations, see the Main Page.